The Liar by Tobias Wolff free essay sample

â€Å"The Liar† by Tobias Wolff, a juvenile kid named James continually heaves lies. He intentionally lies without really thinking to set himself up for an approaching passing that probably won't happen. Besides, it’s his method of defying his father’s demise. The reason for James’ propensity or †as per his mom †disease is that it’s his way to deal with set himself up for another passing in his family. The falsehood that was written in the letter was about his mom enduring with an obscure sickness. â€Å"I said that she had been hacking up blood and the specialists weren’t sure what wasn't right with her. † The second lie on the transport was additionally about a deplorable occasion where his folks â€Å".. were murdered when the socialists assaulted. † His falsehoods consistently have a huge job to do with his mom either being murdered or her being nearly demise. â€Å"’Why is it generally so pitiful? ’ asked Mother. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Liar by Tobias Wolff or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Why all the ailment? ’† The demise of his dad was indisputably an adequate snapshot of his high school life, he had no chance to get of anticipating that result. He may not realize it yet lying is likewise his method of adapting. Not at all like with his mom, James was near his dad. The saw one another and James indicated this with a joke: â€Å"’There’s a bear outside,’ said Tom eagerly. † Without his father’s common imagination around any longer it’s as though he’s willingly volunteered to supplant him. Dislike his mom would joke around with him. â€Å"We every single adored play on words with the exception of Mother, who didn’t get them. † In a manner it is helpful for him as it is an approach to lament his father’s passing yet his mom is directly around a certain something. It is that he is â€Å"cheating himself†. As opposed to grieving it like typical individuals, he didn't cry one tear at his father’s memorial service, rather it was coordinated to his propensity for lying. He may not understand it yet at long last, he truly is simply tricking himself.

A Graduation Certificate Can Get You in the Door :: Work Skills Competency Essays

Great Work Ensures Employment Success With expanded consideration regarding expertise measures and laborer confirmation, individuals will in general consider their capabilities exclusively in relationship to the word related aptitudes they have obtained. This distribution tends to the fantasy that aptitude abilities alone guarantee business and talks about the estimation of ceaseless learning, enthusiastic insight, systems administration, adaptability, and promise to business targets as different keys to working environment achievement. A Graduation Certificate Can Get You in the Door In spite of the fact that the facts confirm that scholarly degrees, ability affirmations, and other documentation of achievements give access to business, they are critical just at the hour of the bid for employment and its acknowledgment. Abilities that an individual has today might be old tomorrow; information that has current noteworthiness to society might be inconsequential later on. Innovation is the most clear model. Routine capacities, for example, stock control, client profiling, machine adjustment, and archive distributing are presently accepted by innovation. Laborers who recently played out these capacities have needed to learn new aptitudes, for example, how to work the machines that have assumed control over these assignments and how to utilize innovation to smooth out their work endeavors. Nonstop learning is the way in to the change job that guarantees a laborer of progressing business. Laborers must be constantly endeavoring to stay up with the latest, innovatively current, and pertinent to their utilizing associations. As a greater amount of the standard assignments of the activity are performed by machines, as repeating designs impact the quantities of laborers that businesses need in a given month, and as worldwide rivalry drives organizations to be more financially savvy, laborers must create aptitudes that will empower them to work across divisions of their organizations. They should be persistently surveying manners by which they can get ready for work their managers and society will require them to act later on. Investment in broadly educating programs is another methodology for upgrading employer stability and achievement. Specialist broadly educating is turning into a typical practice in business and industry, received as a methods for adapting to decreased staffing and expanded laborer versatility. In the recreational vehicle industry where it is hard to enlist individuals who have important aptitudes, for instance, the broadly educating of vendors makes it simpler for proprietors to designate these representatives to the executives positions when renunciations happen (Packard 1999). Broadly educated laborers can receive critical rewards from such organization gave preparing programs just as from contribution in network based help associations. Some of the time outside exercises and humanitarian effort can assist you with turning out to be more 'cutback confirmation' by giving chances to create mastery that you can take back to the organization (Lieber 1996, p.

Happy Valley and the Sandusky Scandal

Happy Valley and the Sandusky Scandal Two weeks ago, while visiting my family in State College, I got to see some images in Old State Clothing Co. that probably seem sad and ironic to an outsider. “Believe deep down in your heart that you are destined to do great things, a quote from Joe Paterno, sewn in white into a dark blue pillow in the store window, just below a tie-dyed Happy Valley t-shirt. Photos of Paterno, the football team, and Beaver Stadium, signed, framed, and displayed outside the store. A post-it note on one of them kept flying away, and each time it did someone ran over from wherever they were standing to reattach it, only to have it fall off again a minute later. The photo was of Beaver Stadium, filled to capacity during a white-out game, titled, “The Greatest Show In College Football.” I used to see Penn State, and still see Penn State, as a large research university. That and football were what people usually mentioned when I said I was from State College, the town surrounding Penn State’s main campus, or when I said I went to Penn State for a year. Now theres a sudden, gossipy thrill not far beneath some expression of shock, and that’s it. State College has never gotten as much attention as it has over the past seven months. It’s sad to me that the Sandusky scandal has enveloped the world’s perception of what I know as a good town. What is now State College was originally farmland and forest. When Penn State was founded in 1855 it was called the Farmers High School of Pennsylvania, and then the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania in 1862. The town is still surrounded by farms: two blocks from our street, suburbia melts into farmland, and then farmland melts into purple mountains. We buy milk directly from a family-owned dairy farm. Most of our vegetables come from the farmers’ market. Penn State’s campus fits perfectly into the land it sits on. There are immense green lawns, interrupted by trees and wide red brick streets. There are old, grey buildings from the 1850s and just as many new buildings, made of the same red brick. Mountains surround the town and campus. The land glows from within itself, especially after the rain, and there is no smell to the air but that rain. State College residents value their community. In the five years that I lived here I saw what I thought were unusual amounts of kindness and thoughtfulness, and I saw, more than I’ve seen in Chicago, Moscow, or Cambridge, people seeing each other in a trusting, positive light. The result is a strong, cohesive community and a remarkably low crime rate. State College has been ranked one of the least stressful places in the United States, the safest small city in America, and one of the best places to live or start a business. There are huge community-centered, community-run events, including the third largest 4th of July fireworks in the U.S., the summer Arts Fest, and THON, a student-organized fundraiser, culminating in a two-day dance marathon, that this year raised more than 10 million dollars toward pediatric cancer. People here are kind, upbeat, and genuinely optimistic. It’s contagious. Every time I come home I return a revitalized, happier person. It’s important to know that there are families in State College with multiple generations of Penn Staters. Students start out in one of eight geographically separated elementary schools and advance to two geographically separated middle schools. Finally the entire student population merges into one high school with a graduating class of 570 students. Most State High graduates move on to Penn State, which consists largely (69% of main campus students) of their peers from other Pennsylvania high schools (â€"which does not result in a bad education. Penn State is ranked 64th worldwide by The Center for World University Rankings, and the high school has been rated a top high school by Newsweek). After college, enough Penn State students stay put and raise families here to renew the cycle. 56% of Penn State’s living alumni are still in Pennsylvania. Of the 6% who are in Centre County, many have parents, grandparents, or children who also grew up here. Moving here from Chicago in 8th grade felt like settling into Leave It to Beaver. The town is largely shielded from the recession by Penn States economic bubble, and the region is often called Happy Valley or Pleasant Gap. The population is 83.2% white, mostly middle class, and largely Christian. The style of dress is more homogeneous than it is in cities. Land is relatively cheap, so many people live in suburban-style homes with large lawns. I remember asking a boyfriend in high school why he didn’t want to move away someday. He told me that there’s a feeling of safety from being surrounded by the mountains, and that he would never want to be without it. I don’t think I ever understood football, though I do feel connected to the town. I watched a football game once, on television, at a party. There were lots of adults in Penn State jerseys and there was a lot of food. I remember thinking it was awfully boring, but that it was still exciting because other people thought it was exciting. During football weekends, the town population seemed to double. Traffic downtown became awful. There was suddenly litter on the streets. I could hear the cheering at Beaver Stadium from our house, four miles away. From what I understand, to many people, especially the rooted alumni that make up the cultural core of the town, football in State College represents a moral coming of age, an iconic American transition from boyhood to manhood. It represents the absorption of the values, especially hard work, integrity, and service to the community, that make a safe town like Happy Valley possible. As you might imagine, these values don’t actually play out on the football field. They happen through coaching. What we watch when we watch football is the result. It makes sense, then, that the coach who instills those values in the football players would become a role model to the bulk of the community that watches. For the past 61 years, through three generations, Joe Paterno was that coach. He became the personification of the values we strive to achieve in ourselves and to see in our town. And he didn’t seem undeserving of the role. He and his wife donated $4 million to Penn Stateâ€"funding scholarships, faculty, a spiritual center, and the expansion of the Pattee Libraryâ€"and another $1 million to the Mount Nittany Medical Center. When one of his players left to care for his five-year-old son who had terminal brain cancer, Paterno donated money to him anonymously, through his church, on a monthly basis. (A clerical error by a secretary revealed that Paterno was the anonymous monthly donor.) His modesty, hard work, attention to detail, and valuing internally defined excellence over externally defined success became known as the Paterno way. Over decades Joe Paterno the idea became much bigger than Joe Paterno the person. He was like family to the entire community. Seven months ago State College fell apart. It came to light that Jerry Sandusky, Joe Paternos assistant coach, had, over 15 years, raped young boys hed met through the charity he founded for underprivileged and at-risk youth. He was later found guilty on 45 of 48 charges. The media flooded the town. Joe Paterno was fired. Students rallied against the media. Joe Paterno was diagnosed with cancer and died. The town felt sadness, anger, and loss. The NCAA retroactively discounted over a decade of wins under Paterno, fined Penn State $60 million, limited Penn State football scholarships for the next four years, and banned Penn State from bowl games for the next four years. The legacy of Paterno, of Penn State, and of State College began slipping away, in the hands of a child rapist and people who have never even been here, many of whom had never heard of State College or Joe Paterno before last November. Meanwhile the community was and still is grasping at the moral, peaceful way of life we’ve grown used to. Joe Paterno did not deserve the burden of the things he symbolized. It’s terrible that someone who turned out to have potentially concealed and enabled child rape simultaneously captured our hearts and embodied our moral compass. But he did. I hope you can understand why many people are in disbelief, why many people in State College continue to support him, cherish him, and view his legacy in a positive light, and why the community of State College is in turmoil: because the values that Joe Paterno symbolized, that we trusted him with, have and continue to hold the community together, have made and continue to make it great, and cannot be let go of. Voices from the community: I’m not a child abuse survivor, but I’ve lived through other forms of abuse, and I’m still trying to deal with the fallout in terms of my mental health. This town is not a safe space for me right now. There’s so much triggering and offensive language being tossed around cavalierlyâ€"people referring to themselves as “abuse victims” or “another victim of Sandusky” or talking about being “victimized” by the mediaâ€"it just seems like people are thinking about this from an incredibly entitled and privileged standpoint, without the firsthand experience necessary to understand the gravity of the word “abuse”. That’s never something which should be used lightly. I’ve lost so much faith and trust in my community over the last couple of weeks, and this is a place I really care about. I wish people would think twice about the fact that Sandusky’s victims are not the only survivors living in this communityâ€"and by that I really, really don’t mean residents who aren’t going to be able to watch bowl games, I mean other child abuse survivors, people who’ve been raped, been emotionally abused, experienced physical domestic violence. I’d be much more likely to respect and sympathize with people who have a problem with the NCAA sanctions if they were talking about them and reacting to them in a measured, respectful way, without drawing weird and completely inappropriate rhetorical parallels between them not being able to watch bowl games and abuseâ€"but most of what I’ve seen has just made me realize how many people in my community still just don’t get it, and made this town into a really uncomfortable and unpleasant place to be. â€"Anonymous State High graduate and lifelong State College resident We live in a rape culture. We live in a culture in which one of six boys is a victim of sex abuse and one of four women is a victim of rape. We live in a culture in which the leaders of one of America’s largest universities believed it would be “more humane” to tell Jerry Sandusky to seek counseling than to report him to the authorities. Where leaders believe that giving a pedophile the chance to reform himself is more important than stopping him from raping more boys. We live in a society in which the experiences of victims of child abuse are ignored and their voices unheard. Where the average victim of child abuse must tell nine different people before their abuse is reported to the police. Where reporting suspected child abuse to the authorities is not recognized as a basic moral obligation. Where many people claim that were they in Paterno’s position they would have done the same thing. That they too would have enabled rape. We live in a rape culture. If we are lucky enough to have never been raped, its survivors are all around us. But usually, they walk unknown among us. How can they make themselves known when their perspectives and feelings are routinely ignored? How can they make themselves known if we tell them that we revere a rape enabler? When we revere Joe Paterno there is a good chance we are hurting someone we hold dear, telling them that their pain is insignificant, that the enabling of rape is a small mark on an otherwise exceptional life, that the pain of rape victims is less important than our feelings about the man. We are creating a space that is unsafe for them, a space in which they cannot feel comfortable sharing their feelings and experiences. We live in a rape culture. But we can change this culture. By insisting that no rape enabler is worthy of statues, tributes, or reverence. By thus sending the message that reporting the rape of children is a basic human obligation. By seeking out the voices of survivors of rape and sex abuse. By listening to what they say about how the symbols and discourse of rape culture affect them rather than drawing our own misguided conclusions. By educating ourselves about the fact that while children almost never lie about being sexually abused, they are routinely disbelieved. By committing ourselves to communicating allegations of sexual abuse directly to the police. By insisting that the prevention of the rape of children is a central goal of our society. And finally and most importantly, by listening to its survivors and according their feelings, experiences and requests the upmost weight in what we say and do. â€"Ben G., State High graduate and lifelong State College resident I grew up in a home that loved footballâ€"Penn State Football. I had a PSU barbie cheerleader and my mom taught me all of the cheers: I say blue; you say white. BLUE. WHITE. BLUE. WHITE. I say JoePa; you say Terno. JOEPA. TERNO. JOEPA. TERNO. The chorus of The Nittany Lion (Hail to the Lion) was my lullaby growing up. I loved Penn State. PSU football meant family bonding, good food, and a good game. So of course when the time came for college, PSU was where I wanted to go. It had a lot of majors and I was undecided, my family was close, and how could I be loyal to any other football team? I didnt think PSU was always the best team, but they are always MY TEAM, and State College is MY HOME. There is nothing like going downtown on a football Saturday and seeing all of the people, or in June when all of the college students are gone and campus is peaceful. So naturally, when disaster was revealed in our Happy Valley this fall, I was torn to pieces. State College was ranked the safest U. S. metropolitan area by the Congressional Quarterly (City Crime Rankings 2009-2010). Nothing had ever happened like this. Not Here. I was heartbroken as I read what Sandusky had done in the Grand Jury Report. Seeing all of the news trucks around campus for weeks was like rubbing salt in the wound. When Joe was fired, I saw my town, my home, get destroyed by students in the streets. I went downtown that night; I saw my peers tearing light posts out of the ground. It broke me to see that the only response to our anger was destruction. I knew a lot of people were planning on going home that next weekendâ€"they wanted to get away. I had nowhere to go; this is my home and the walls seemed to be crumbling around me. No one knows exactly what Joe knew or didnt know about Sanduskys actionsâ€"Yes I read the Freeh report, but in this world anything can be fabricated or altered. Regardless, I cannot judge Joes actions. I have never had my coworker, a friend, accused of raping children and in all honesty I would probably tell my superior to give them the benefit of the doubt. Especially when the last time they were investigated, they were seen by Child and Youth Services as innocent. I have made mistakes before. I am human. I also know that we have a just God, who is the only Judge, and that it is not my place to say Joe is or is not innocent. Looking back, everything that Joe has done for my town and university is almost overwhelming. Without our football program, we would not have funding for almost any other sports. We would not have the library that I study in. We would not have the new church that is about to open on Park Ave. We would not have many of the businesses downtown that thrive ONLY because of football weekends. We would not have the motels and hotels in the area for local jobs. I also know, if PSU gets the death penalty, State College will get the death penalty. Our Happy Valley will be crushed economically. My town will become a ghost town as businesses go out, and sports teams dont get funding. When money stopes coming in from the football program, we will have to get it from other places and possibly cut back on researchâ€"like the research PSU is doing to find the cure for cancer in Hershey. Lift for Life will not get the $100,000 dollars next year that the football team raised for kidney cancer. Football is more than just a game here at Penn State; but it is not the villain. â€"Tricia T., Penn State junior and lifelong State College resident I was born and grew up here in State College. I went to school with the Paterno kids and graduated from State High with the oldest daughter. I also graduated with one of the Sanduskys adopted sons. Joe Paterno did a lot of good for the university and this community. He was more than just a coach but he was not a saint. He was just a man. I belive that if he knew anything about what Sandusky was doing (per the Freeh report) it was just speculation or rumor and you cant fire a person or call the police with that. When McQueary told Joe about what he saw, Joe told his bosses. He didnt hush it up. He didnt call the police either. How do you call the police and tell them about a crime that you didnt witness? That was 28 year old McQuearys job. Maybe Joe should have told McQueary to call but my belief is that Joe couldnt believe what was being told to him. From what I understand, pedofiles groom not only their victims but the parents and anyone else that may find out the truth. Until this past year Sandusky was an upstanding member of the community who was supposedly helping young boys with his charity, the Second Mile. He had the community fooled. Was Joe fooled as well? He was just a man. The community will get through this. My thoughts are with the victims AND the Paterno family. The media needs to understand that Sandusky is the criminal and he is now convicted, in prison and awaiting sentencing. They can now leave us to make the changes we need to make and let our community start healing. â€"Bob E., lifelong State College resident and father of two current Penn State students Personally, I think this entire thing circulates around people wanting to be superior. And Im kind of sick of people using this to feel better about themselves, as if they WERE in Joe Paternos position, and they actually CHOSE to do something different. Because now, when I defend the school that I love, its like im a supporter of child abuse. The students are caught in this, and we are all going to have to carry the weight of this universitys mistakes on our shoulders. When we are really the last people to have done anything about all of this. Of course Im proud of my school, of course Im going to defend it. Joe Paterno made things possible for my friends and fellow students in an academic sense, he changed this university for the better. I wouldnt have what I have to do in many cases if it werent for him. For me its not about football, and it never was about football. Thats really what Ive been having trouble communicating to people. Joe wasnt the only one fooled by Jerry Sandusky, all of the failed investigations, the counselors in schools, we all were fooled. And Im feeling pretty fooled right now, and disappointed. In most cases Joe was an exemplary citizen of centre county. its too hard for me to forget about those things, but its not as if Im not mad at him. Mostly, I just feel personally targeted by the media, and this crazy expectation that Paternos family should turn its back on him, as if someone could do that to their father. Its very unfortunate that most of what I have worked for and what thousands of other students have worked for will be completely undermined by this. Also, Id like people to know just how deeply this affects us. Im near tears almost every day about this. Not a day has gone by since that day in November that I havent thought about it. The students ARE hurt, deeply, and no one really seems to want to give us any hugs. â€"Emma G., junior at Penn State Schreyer Honors College, member of the Morale Committe for THON, fundraiser for THON, and lifelong State College resident He made his bed and now has to sleep in it, but something made me sad that Sandusky will live the rest of his life in jail. I cant believe that all this could have happened over 15 years and nothing came of it until now. All that pain built up over that much time has exploded into something that no one connected to this town cant feel. I feel bad that Sandusky made the decisions he did to be in the situation hes in, I feel bad that because of this he will suffer until the end, but I feel worst for the children and men who Sandusky abused. Justice was served yesterday, but that doesnt take away their pain. I mourn for the beautiful people who are affected by people like Sandusky and I hope that healing will come to them. â€"Ashley E., Penn State senior and lifelong State College resident Paterno for me is a life long legacy of a cohesive group of academics and atheletics at a very large university. I continue to support him because he bestowed upon the university hopes, dreams, and gave us keys to knowledge that will last forever. I personally just dont see it wise to condemn a man for another mans actions, especially when the man himself has made numerous contributions financially and emotionally to the organization as a whole. â€"Colton P., senior at Penn State Although we may have been let down, we can’t forget what “The Paterno Way” stood for when it was still pristine in the eyes of the world â€" excellence in the classroom, honorable ethics, and a simplistic, selfless, and all-business approach to being successful at the task at hand. We don’t need Joe Paterno to exemplify those ideals â€" we are perfectly capable of exemplifying them ourselves. I hope those principles continue to live on as fundamental Penn State ideals. â€"Ian K., Penn State senior and drummer in the Penn State Blue Band A poem that was posted on the Penn State Memes Facebook page. Unfortunately I dont know who the author is. Every Penn Stater down in Happy Valley, the tall and the small, Was cheering! Without any program at all! He HADNT stopped the love of our University from coming! IT CAME! Somehow or other, it came just the same! And Dr. Emmert, with his Grinch-feet ice-cold in the snow, stood puzzling and puzzling: How could it be so? It came without JoePa! It came without goals! It came without scholarships, statues or bowls! And he puzzled and puzzled, till his puzzler was sore. Then Dr. Emmert thought of something he hadnt before! Maybe Penn State, he thought, isnt just a football store. Maybe Penn State… perhaps… means a little bit more. For more information: The Kickstarter page for No Act of Ours, a 2013 documentary on the Penn State communitys reactions to and relationship with the scandalâ€"in particular, the trailer, which starts at 2:22 in the video at the top of the page Jay Paterno eulogizes his father, Penn State College of Communications (video) Grand Jury report (graphic) Report by Louis Freeh, former director of the FBIâ€"in particular, the timeline on page 19 of the report Former Penn State President Graham Spaniers letter to the Board of Trustees, which challenges conclusions in the Freeh report A letter from Joe Paterno written shortly before he died Penn State’s Facebook page The Facebook page of Onward State, a student-run, independent Penn State blog The woman who stood up to Joe Paterno, CNN, and student response through Onward State Airborne banner: Take down Paterno statue, CNN NCAA Announces PSU Sanctions: $60M, bowl ban, ESPN 40 Reasons to Still be a Proud Penn Stater, by Onward State Changing Campus Culture Beyond Penn State, Huffington Post #next_pages_container { width: 5px; hight: 5px; position: absolute; top: -100px; left: -100px; z-index: 2147483647 !important; }

The First Colonial Currency By The Massachusetts Bay Colony

The first Colonial currency was issued in 1690 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, while America was under British rule. Other colonies began to issue their own paper currency, and use of the denominated in Spanish Milled Dollars, Colonial notes were also denominated in British shillings, pounds, and pence. In 1764, the British declared Colonial currency illegal. The Continental Congress in 1775 issued currency to help finance the Revolutionary War. These notes were called â€Å"Continentals,† had no value in gold or silver. The Continentals were backed by the â€Å"anticipation† of tax revenues, though easily counterfeited and without solid backing, the notes quickly became devalued. This period marked the first time that United States currency’s value was derived solely from its purchasing power, as it is today. In 1792, American Congress passed the country s first coinage act. This meant that the United States Mint was officially responsible for creating coins for public use. Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were two of the men who contributed research and ideas towards the early versions of the coins. The Treasury Seal that was developed actually remained quite the same even until today. Benjamin Franklin takes on counterfeiting, using his Philadelphia printing firm to produce colonial notes with nature prints—unique raised patterns cast from actual leaves. This process adds an innovative and effective counterfeit deterrent to notes. The first $2 notes areShow MoreRelatedThe New Of Colonial America1119 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica Colonial America was the era when America was made up of different colonies; in this case there were thirteen. Colonial America lasted from 1587 to 1770, 183 years long. As said before, there were thirteen colonies: four New England colonies, four Middle colonies, and five Southern colonies. The New England colonies were New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, otherwise known as the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The four Middle colonies were New York, Delaware, New JerseyRead MoreThe Differences Between The And Gold And Silver1689 Words   |  7 Pagesas Bible times. Both gold and silver could be spent according to their weight. Before Christ was even born, people developed an early form of bank in which people would store their gold in the temple for safekeeping. When the European settlers first came to America, they had little to no use for coins because the Indians didn’t want coins, but the settlers needed to find a way to trade with the Indians for things such as food and clothes in order to survive. They found that the Indians liked littleRead MoreJustification of the American Revolution1339 Words   |  6 Pagesexisting thirteen American colonies to gain independence from Britain in the mid 1700’s. The American colonists began questioning Britain’s authority as early as the French and Indian War. During the French Indian War, the colonies wanted to defend themselves against the French in North America. They asked King George for permission to raise armies in order defend themselves. Although their reason to raise an army was sincere, George II was suspicious of the intentions of the colonial government and disapprovedRead MoreCultural Impact Of Puritans On The 18th And 18th Century1664 Words   |  7 Pageshear t he word, â€Å"Puritan† it invokes a sense of religion, of strict values and correctness that laid the raw foundation for the different branches of churches today. Not only did they play a monumental part in the growth of Calvinism, but of early colonial government and the movement and spread of people across North America. Although their values and ideals are radical in terms of modern beliefs, our culture would not have formed the way it did without the early influence of Puritans. Most confuseRead MoreThe United States1302 Words   |  6 Pagesworth of tea at that time In response, Britain passed the Coercive (Intolerable Acts) Massachusetts must pay for the tea, port of Boston was closed until the damages were repaid, MA charter was voided, and town hall meetings were outlawed - British coming down hard on Boston colonists, not being leniant The Continental Congress Responds the continental congress was formed in response to the Coercive Acts 12 colonies (not Georgia) sent representatives to have grievances redressed and a boycott grievancesRead MoreHistory : Monetary System And Its Future Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagesmonetary system started in 1690 before America was a new nation in 1776. In these colonial times, paper currency was recognized. The Massachusetts Bay Colony used the currency as a responds to shortage of coin. In addition, the colony also used paper currency to pay for military expeditions. (Philadelphiafed.org). Colonial cash quickly lost its worth because colonist could not redeem it for gold or silver. Colonies would issue too much of this paper money resulting in inflation and in turn wouldRead MoreThe Monetary System During 1690 Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pagesmonetary system started in 1690 before America was a new nation in 1776. In these colonial times, paper currency was recognized. The Massachusetts Bay Colony used the currency as a response to shortage of coin. In addition, the colony also used paper currency to pay for military expeditions. (Philadelphiafed.org). Colonial cash qui ckly lost its worth because colonist could not redeem it for gold or silver. Colonies would issue too much of this paper money resulting in inflation and in turn wouldRead MoreEuropean Colonization Of The Americas1393 Words   |  6 Pagesfailure and resulted in a time of rapid inflation and popular unrest†. Jamestown was the first settlement of the Virginia Colony, founded in 1607, and served as capital of Virginia until 1699, when the seat of government was moved to Williamsburg. French colonization of the New World began in the sixteenth century and continues until the eighteenth century. During the development of the New England colonies there was much conflict between various religious groups and due to the peaceful viewsRead MoreThe American Revolution : A Political Upheaval1899 Words   |  8 PagesRevolution was a political upheaval that took place between 1765 and 1783 during which colonists in the Thirteen American Colonies rejected the British monarchy and aristocracy, overthrew the authority of Great Britain, and founded the United States of America. Starting in 1765, members of American colonial society rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them without colonial representatives in the government. During the following decade, protests by colonists—known as Patriots—continuedRead MoreApush Timeline 1607-17754368 Words   |  18 Pagesevent was significant because it was the beginning of the English colonies in the New World. Jamestown the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. The colonization was funded the by Virginia Company. After this colony was formed, more people started to come over from England. Without these colonists the Virginia colony would be much different. It also helped them learn about what kind of people they needed to send over. At first they sent over gentlemen who did not work, but then they realized

Louisa and Sissy Fact Against Fancy in Hard Times

Louisa and Sissy: Fact against fancy in Hard Times. Two female characters in Hard Times, Louisa Gradgrind and Sissy Jupe could be considered contrastive by fate and there is moral fable in this contrast. It is significant that in last two paragraphs of the novel Dickens applies to motherhood as a sense of woman happiness. Daughter of main educator of Coketown, have got only the bitter questionnaire: â€Å"Herself again a wife - a mother - lovingly watchful of her children, ever careful that they should have a childhood of the mind no less than a childhood of the body, as knowing it to be even a more beautiful thing, and a possession, any hoarded scrap of which, is a blessing and happiness to the wisest? Did Louisa see this? Such a†¦show more content†¦In direct contrast to the selfish individualism promoted by Gradgrindism, its members show a generous solidarity and human directness of response.†(p.116) Gradgrid was trying to influence this foil with his utilitarian approach, but he failed. She depictured as emotional girl from the very beginning: â€Å"Sissy Jupe, Sir†, explained number twenty, blushing†¦(Ch 2, p 8) Sissy began living with the Gradgrind family, and indirectly helped them to understand, that something in their life was missed. Love and care were unknown virtues in this family. â€Å"Only Sissy Jupe, the finest flower of the circus way of life, has influence where it matters and becomes a beacon of effective light and goodness - a model for all of us to aspire to†, says Pittock. Louisa and Sissy have significant dialog in the Book The Third, Chapter 1. Louisa begging for her friendship: â€Å"Forgive me, pity me, help me! Have compassion on my great need, and let me lay this head of mine upon a loving heart!†(p.210) So the â€Å"poor girl† becomes the only â€Å"loving heart† for Gradgrind’s family. She took care of Mrs. Gradgrind and after he death becomes a mother to youngerShow MoreRelatedIndustrialization in Hard Times by Charles Dickens1626 Words   |  7 Pagesera, in 1854, Charles Dickens (1812-1870) wrote Hard Times to comment upon the change within society and its effect on its people. Dickens points out the flaws and limitations of this new society in his eloquent and passionate plea on behalf of the working poor (Charles Dickens Hard Times, 2000). The novel shows presents to readers the authors perspective of life during the nineteenth century and makes comments on the central theme of fact versus fancy. Due to this theme, the novel ends with many charactersRead MoreUse of Exaggeration in Hard Times1545 Words   |  7 PagesDickens has cleverly used exaggeration in Hard Times, in the form of caricature and farce to criticize the theory of utilitarianism; the popular way of living in the Victorian age. Utilitarianism comes under the theory of consequentialism which dictates that on e should always judge an action from its consequences, and follow the course which benefits the majority. By exaggerating his characters he essentially uses them to represent varying views on utilitarianism; ie; what it implies not only asRead MoreGirl Number 20, Essay from Hard Times, Dickens, C.2318 Words   |  10 Pagesinfluential writers of the time, his novel â€Å"Hard Times†, as the rest of his works, is vivid examples of what realistic novels would be like. He portrays his judgement towards society in a very comprehensible and even entertaining way, providing the reader an idea of the time and era he was living in. Furthermore, he lets readers identify with the situation and characters of the story, reflecting through the narrator his social perspectives of the time. Regarding the novel Hard Times, there are severalRead MoreUtilitarianism in Dickens Hard Times Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pages‘Hard Times’ is a wonderful story, but when one thinks about the reality that lies behind the work, the novel becomes a masterpiece. This novel becomes very important because utilitarianism was the main thought in Victorian era. Utilitarianism, â€Å"the forms of liberty and equality that will produce the greatest happiness depend on the state of the educational, political, economic, and social structure† (Harris). Everything is explained by logic and facts. It is easy for the reader to find out thatRead MoreThe Role of the Circus Folk in Hard Times by Charles Dickens1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of the Circus Folk in Hard Times by Charles Dickens The role of the circus is both complex and simple it is in itself a contradiction; it has been placed within the novel to add another dimension to the story of Coketown but also to show how fragile human nature can be. The circus folks role are complicated in their simplicity, they are of course there to carry out the role that they are paid to perform as actors or performers as well as being there for theRead MoreSignificance of Emotional Education in Dickens Novel, Hard Times 1911 Words   |  8 PagesSet in the ever shifting world of the Industrial Revolution, Charles Dickens’ novel Hard Times begins with a description of a utilitarian paradise created by the illustrious and eminently practical Mr. Gradgrind, a world that follows a prescribed set of logically laid-out facts. However, readers soon realize that Gradgrinds modern utopia is only a simulacrum, belied by the damnation of lives devoid of elements that feed the heart and soul, as well as the mind. As the years progress, the weaknessesRead MoreSummary Of Hard Times By Charles Dickens2062 Words   |  9 PagesAngelina Almanzar ENGL 35701: 19th Century British Novel Professor Elizabeth Weybright 27 June 2016 Utilitarianism in Hard Times During the Victorian Era, many philosophers focused on utilitarian philosophy and ways of thinking, choosing the best decisions and actions for their own self-interest. In his novel, Hard Times, Charles Dickens satirizes the English educational system, society, and economics, but most importantly, through them, he criticizes the many abuses of utilitarianism. Many writersRead MoreThe Effects Of Industrialization On English Towns Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesHard Times symbolizes the negative effects of industrialization on English towns (Coketown in the story) including education. Charles Dickens was born in 1812, and was a contemporary of the Industrial Revolution. Industries were growing by leaps and bounds; bringing with it pollution, social imbalance and individual confusion. Dickens was rather poor and had no proper education. At the age of 12 he worked in Warren’s Blacking Factory attaching labels to bottles. He labored hard to educate himselfRead MoreDickens Hard T imes1535 Words   |  7 PagesDickens’ Hard Times â€Å"Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life.† (Dickens, 1854, p.1) With these beginning sentences of the novel â€Å"Hard Times†, Charles Dickens has made readers doubt whether it is true that facts alone are wanted in life. This question leads to the main theme of the story, fact against fancy, that author has never been written this kind of plot in his other stories before. In fact, Hard Times is considered as theRead MoreEssay on Themes, Symbolism, and Atmosphere in Dickens Hard Times1376 Words   |  6 Pages When Charles Dickens was writing his commentary on a fast industrializing world, the thought that Hard Times would still be relevant over 150 years later is assumed to be far from the forefront of his mind. And yet at present, 158 years after its first publication, Charles Dickens’ tale of industrialization and its implications still holds a prominent place in today’s society. The following is one interpretation of Dickens’ story of an industrialized dystopia, and discussed are its ever-relevant

Dining in vs. Dinging Out Free Essays

Informative Speech Dining Out VS. Dining In INTRODUCTION I. Attention getter/relevance: The Price of food has TRIPLED, Which results in the price of fast food has double just form the past two years. We will write a custom essay sample on Dining in vs. Dinging Out or any similar topic only for you Order Now II. Establish Credibility: I have gained knowledge and tips on how to save money by cooking your meals at home by doing so you can save over a 1000$ a month. III. Thesis Statement: By the end of my presentation, you will have the knowledge to cut the cost of food and you will think twice before you visit your local fast food restraint. IV. Preview: The focus of my speech is to give you pointers on how to cut the cost of food, and getting a home cook meal in a convenient amount of time. BODY I: First (signpost), why is preparing food at home less expensive then dining out. The cost of fast food has double in the past two years. A today’s economy has changed, meaning that all living expenses like rent food and gas prices has gone up as well. b. Studies has shown that dining out three times a week for a family of four can cost up to 400$. c. Money can be saved by cutting back on dining out and fast food by simply cooking from home. I. 2.Second (signpost) the main reasons why people dining out because of their busy life styles. a. There are many adults that work over 40 hours a week, or has resign back in school or some are doing both all while supporting there families. b. Most people way of thinking is it’s much easier to buy per pared food rather than slave over a hot stove daily. c. Little do they know it’s a lot of things you can cook from home with in convenient amount of time. Transition: Let’s review home cooked meals are cheaper than dining out every night. When you prepare your food from home, your relocked to save over a 1000$ monthly.There are meals that you can prepare at home in a convenient amount of time. II. Continue following format for remainder of main points†¦ CONCLUSION I. Signal/summarize main points: because of today’s economy living expenses like rent food and gas prices has gone up. Preparing food at home less expensive then dining out. II. Thesis statement/Relate to introduction: Now that you know more information on how to save money and time by cooking a prepped meal at home, I hope that you take what you learned and put it into use. I promise you want be sorry. How to cite Dining in vs. Dinging Out, Papers

Professional Values and Ethics Paper Essays - Social Philosophy

Professional Values and Ethics Paper Ethics and values are a big part of our lives on a day to day basis. Ethics is defined as the moral principles of an individual; this included the ability to distinguish wrong from right (Dictionary.com, 2010). Our values on the other hand can include numerous things that vary from one person to another such as family, work, personal belongings and money. The ways we carry ourselves affect our personal and professional life and determine our career success in life. I believe that without ethics and the consideration for values one will never be triumphant in their professional and personal life. In order to have success in ones careers one must consider that in the professional world the following things can be considered, ones professional integrity, academic integrity and personal values. Professional integrity determines that ones will strive to do what is best for career success. This means that you are aware of the importance to carry yourself at the highest professional standard at all times. Academic integrity is important because it determines that you consider your ethics in your school work and always did a good job without being mischievous. Personal values, what is important to me, why I am starving to do a good job in what I do. This plays an important role in career success. Why does one go to school, to get a better job and make more money and provide a better life for their family? These personal values are important to consider in ones careers success. We would also like to stress the importance of good ethics, when it comes to the Professional life. Many people neglect good ethics in the work environment, and this could end up with a negative effect among employee?s, and managers. In other words one can?t go wrong when good ethics are present in their lives regardless of whether it?s a professional environment or even when a personal lifestyle. Without good ethics there wouldn?t be any honesty, therefore this would become a negative influence, and it may encourage others to act with less care as well. Nevertheless you never want people to see you as a person who has no integrity or good ethics, because this will turn them off towards you, and it could result in a failure of a good opportunity. I believe that every single thing that we do must, and should be thought out carefully, because the last thing we want is to make unfixable mistakes, and have terrible regrets over something that could have been easily avoided, by being simply more attentive. However the reality of this is that we are human, and we are likely to make mistakes, the important thing is to learn from our mistakes, and make sure that we grow from them, and don?t make the same mistake twice. Even though this may sound familiar, surprisingly many continue to make the same mistakes one, after another. All we can really do is improve ourselves, and focus on us, before we try to help the entire world. In conclusion, ethics and values play a huge role in everyone?s lives. They both contribute hand in hand with each other in many different ways. People can?t have ethics without having values, and vice versa. Values tend to be more important than ethics because they represent someone?s persona, while ethics bring out their character. Ethics are made based upon the values that people portray. Ethics and values work together, as a team, to advise every single person towards the right path of life.

Western Cultures overbearing influence has deteriated Indian Culture

Western Cultures overbearing influence has deteriated Indian Culture Free Online Research Papers Western Cultures overbearing influence has deteriated Indian Culture Introduction Indian culture as a hold has been damaged by the increasingly overbearing and more influential Western Culture. The deteriation and damage that Indian culture has experienced can be broken up into three causes and sub groups. The first one being Pursuit of Wealth. The second one the Power of Western Media and the third and final one being Western Complex maybe the most damaging of them all. Thesis The three sub groups being Pursuit of Wealth, Power of Western Media and Western Complex. All Indians no matter if they live in India or are part of immigrant populations outside India experience at least one of these sub groups if not all. Although they all seem different they have one thing in common that being the destruction and dilution of the Indian culture. Pursuit of wealth. In the pursuit f wealth immigrant culture either survives or dies out. The actual culture of the immigrants goes through a change it either becomes radicalised or an it completely dissolved assimilated into the local culture. This process can often lead and is the culporate behind the destruction of thousands of year old culture being damaged. The actual speed at which this process happens till what extent depends on the individual and their family structure. It all depends on what sort of family background they come from. For example a man coming form a poor fishing village in comparison from low caste family will react differently to the pursuit of wealth, compared to a person from a high caste and well off family. A research carried out in the United States of America showed that a poor immigrant families when given the chance to gain prosperity changed their life styles drastically. In that they did things like change their religion and lifestyles which meant they purpously sped up the assimilation process in the pursuit of wealth. Yet at the same t ime the results show that a family coming from India who are well off and are from a high caste family have reacted differently. Because of them having reasonable prosperity and wealth the sudden drive and urge to change their lives for it was not there. Which meant that they did not undergo any drastic cultural changes for attraction of wealth. Human Development ,Jan 2001 v44 il p19 Immigrant Adaptation and Patterns of Acculturation. Margret A Gibson. Yet regardless of these statistics success and the maintenance of ones culture can be achieved regardless of which social background you come from. India and much of its population is from urban middle class background. The type of people this is includes is everyday people only concerned by one thing that being wealth and its accumulation. They range from the taxi drivers to the newspapers sellers with their mobile phones they can be found anywhere, hence being known as the wheeler and dealer. Australian Screen Education, Winter 20 03 i33 p117(3)Monsoon Wedding: raining on tradition.(Film as text) Cynthia Karena . Yet regardless of these statistics success and the maintenance of ones culture can be achieved regardless of which social background you come from. The Power of Western Media Western media has created a clash of culture in Indian Society, through Hollywood influencing Bollywood. Western Media is portrayed in India as Hollywood so realistically Western means American. Bollywood being the equivalent of Hollywood in India is a movie making, idea producing machine. It is not only a entertainment industry it is seen as a role model and the ultimate image. This is because like everyone knows Cinema is the most powerful media force. The Wilson Quarterly, Summer 1999 v23 i3 p56(1) Cinema Paradiso. Richard Schickel. . India is the same as everywhere in the world in where the young want to challenge tradition. This is the result of them watching Indian films that portray a continuous trend of western aspects. This is seen in the production of movies such as â€Å"Monsoon Wedding†. This movie represents the way Indian Culture is traveling. The influence that Hollywood has exerted on India can be seen clearly in this film. The west has made it fashionable to wear jeans and tight fitting costumes and have western ideas such as sex before marriage. In the past Indian films have not portrayed any of these ideas and concepts. Western media has portrayed that have so called essentials such as MTV and the newest issue of Vogue is essential. Indian Society have absorbed these things into their lives. Sex is another thing India is cautious about although being the home of the ultimate sex instruction booklet the Karma Sutra, India is very divided and vastly conservative on this issue. This is largely due to the way the cinema has shown sex scenes. They just haven’t shown them unlike Western Movies where they are essential part of the movie. Intact they haven’t even shown kiss scenes and have left it up to the audiences imagination as they saw it more romantic. Traditionally Indian films have been revolved love stories. Yet increasing influence from the West has resulted in that movies such as Monsoon Wedding have started showing i ncreasingly long kissing scenes. Australian Screen Education, Winter 2003 i33 p117(3)Monsoon Wedding: raining on tradition.(Film as text) Cynthia Karena . Production of these sort of movies is on the rise. The other sort of Western influence is from the Non Resident Indians these are Indians that live in the West. As they have lived in the West they have been exposed to Western ideas and morals. The Canadian Indian Deepa Metha a film producer made the film Fire in 1998. The film revolved a house wife and her affair with sister in law. Although the film received awards overseas in India it caused riots and protests as it showed lesbian sex scenes. Metro Magazine, Fall 2003 i138 p132(4) Beyond the Bollywood Blockbuster: independent Indian cinema(Regional Review) Karena. Although sex and lesbians are excepted in much of the West and in its culture, this is not the case in India.This sort of Western influence although is rejected by the vast public it is none the less slowly but steadi ly creeping into Bollywood and through Bollywood into mainstream Indian culture. This infiltration does not always blend with Indian culture and creates clashes. Complex of the West Indians in their mind consider themselves second rate, which leads their assimilation process into the West quicker. The complex that Indians have of the West is not constricted to one area and can be seen throughout their daily lives and in their Physic. A good example of this is the subject of arranged marriage. Traditionally this is the only way Indians use to get married. This system works due to the fact that the bride and groom would have faith in the decision of their parents. Yet now days some youngsters prefer to go and find love marriages even though they know the risk of break ups and divorces. Due to the complex they have picked up from Western influences they would rather run the risk of disgrace than do the traditional ways. . Australian Screen Education, Winter 2003 i33 p117(3)Monsoon Wedding: raining on tradition.(Film as text) Cynthia Karena. This complex that is developed is Indians is a direct affect on the assimilation rate. A experiment was conducted in England t hey asked children of Indian background questions and asked the parents the same questions. The experiment was to prove how assimilated the families were and what were the families attitudes were towards Western culture. This included Western morals of Sex before marriage. The results differed from each ethnic group yet there was a definite connection between assimilation and Western Complex. This showed that the family’s culture and the attitude it had toward the Western culture had an affect on the assimilation process. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Nov 2000 v41 i4 p350 (Stress and Reproduction) Mary Stopes-Roe: Raymond Cochrane Research Papers on Western Cultures overbearing influence has deteriated Indian CulturePETSTEL analysis of IndiaWhere Wild and West MeetBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Interview with Book Designer Stewart Williams Reedsy

Interview with Book Designer Stewart Williams Reedsy â€Å"I like things a little more visceral†¦Ã¢â‚¬  - An interview with designer Stewart Williams. We are proud to feature designer Stewart Williams on Reedsy. Stewart’s arresting, beautiful and original designs have spanned a large range of titles from novels to cooking to poetry and a range of non-fiction. We got some great insights into Stewart’s creative process, his approach to different genres and authors, plus the opportunities of a rich online presence.For the unconditional lovers of the written word, I’ve transcribed most of the interview below. But for those who want to take part in the discussion, you can directly join us on the hangout! Hi Stewart, thanks for joining me on this hangout. First, can you give me a bit of background on how you became a freelance book designer?I started out in the publishing world working in magazines and newspapers, and was primarily art directing for various publications in Seattle for quite a long time. I worked for a number of newspapers, however I really wanted to work with books, because I’ve always loved reading and I’ve loved books since I was a little kid. I always thought that the publishing industry was fascinating and that what cover designers did was really the kind of thing I wanted to do as a graphic designer.Whilst I was working for newspapers I started to get jobs here and there with publishers and I didn’t turn down anything. I knew that every job that I could do was something I could add on to my portfolio, to help me get bigger and bigger clients as I moved along. After a brief period of travel, Sasquatch books hired me as a senior designer and I stayed there for a few years. I finally ended up in New York City where I couldn’t find any work at all, so I just decided to go do business for myself.I started to build a presence using all the contacts I had acquired, and I knew at that time that it was really important for me to work on my online presence, so I was always doing online portfolios. I can’t remember the last time I showed anybody a physical portfolio, nobody really uses those anymore. I was already making websites back in the early 1990s, and those have really helped because I really don’t know where people find my work, so I try to put it everywhere.I really like the fact that you put all your work out there, on different platforms. I’ve checked your blog and you’re one of the few cover designers I’ve seen at Reedsy who posts all the projects they’re doing, including information about the creative process and previous cover versions. I think too few designers do tha t.I’ve noticed that as well and I don’t know why that is. I think sometimes it has to do with this idea that when people sign up for a portfolio and are asking for a description, if you have 25 covers it can seem a little daunting to write 25 descriptions at once. For me it was always important to do it as I went along so this wouldn’t happen.Also, I think people run out of things to say, or they are trying to really let the work speak for themselves. But for my clients, people ask me specific questions, like â€Å"do you do YA?† or â€Å"how many covers do you do?†, and I think that the explanations that I give really demystify what is going on on my end so the people get a better idea of how the process works. The blog really helps me illustrate that for them rather than just do some magic trick and say: â€Å"here’s your cover!†In particular, also, I do it to show to people how many cover designs go into a cover project for somebod y like Amazon. Sometimes I do 13 different covers before they decide on the one they like.You mentioned you’ve worked in the past for big publishers, but it seems that now you’re shifting a bit towards indie authors and getting more work from them, am I right?Yes, that’s true, it’s something that I’ve seen more and more over the last 3-4 years: with the rise of the Kindle people have started to write independently and publish via KDP or similar services. It’s been really different for me in the beginning because I usually never dealt with authors, and I realised I enjoyed it quite a bit. Sometimes they have really good ideas, or they just want you to do whatever you feel like, and I like that direct line of communication with people.And by working directly with authors you get more creative freedom, right?You know, I’ve often found along the years that the less I get paid, the more creative freedom I have! When people have larger budg ets they tend to have an idea of exactly what they want you to do. With smaller budgets, they’re more inclined to relinquish control of things and let you do what you want if the price is kept down. Of course I never use that as a way to do whatever I feel like, because I think it’s really important to hear what the author is telling me the want. I want to make sure that my work is something they’ll be happy with and will help them sell their book.Do you prefer working purely with stock imagery, or illustrations, or a mixture?That’s another thing that has to do with budgets in a way. I think there is a lot of inexpensive stock photography out there, so it is hard to convince somebody to spend more money on an illustration.I’m not really an illustrator, I haven’t done it for a living. I like to illustrate, but it’s one of those things where I have to prove myself to people before I get them to hire me, so I’m doing more smaller jobs that don’t pay as much just to get the experience and have something to show.I feel like with the surge of independent publishing and the number of books available having an illustration - something that is 100% unique - really adds value.I agree, and I’d say that the stock photography is not keeping up with the demand, so you start seeing the same photographs on different people’s books and that’s embarrassing for the author.I think people are starting to realise that you cannot just take an image and put your title and name on it because there is a very good chance that someone else is going to use the same†¦You work across all genres, I think, but is there any that you prefer working on? Or any project lately that you have particularly enjoyed?I like things a little more visceral, where there is more of a graphic edge. I think crime and horror are like that. I try not to emulate what people see out there and stay away from the typical horror book cover.But I do like to work on all things, even non-fiction. I have a few client publishers who publish more historical books, and those tend to follow certain contemporary trends in the United States politics. I do like working with archival and historical images.I also love working on poetry books. There tends to be a non-linear way to think about the covers that can work with poetry books, they’re not conceptual the same way a fiction book might be. I find it more interesting and challenging to work with an abstract idea. If you’re building a cover and you know there are certain elements that have to be on it, it becomes more of a production process than a creative one. My method of working is a little weirder and less straightforward than that.That’s good to hear, because a common piece of advice if you write in a particular genre is that your cover absolutely has to respect certain guidelines that are part of the genre. I always feel like as an author you might stand a better chance if you come with a different style for the cover, even one that doesn’t fully â€Å"respect† the genre.I would agree. Other people who write in your genre all have similar looking covers. So if I’m going to look for a book in that genre online, I’m probably immediately going to pick up the one that has a cover that doesn’t look like all the others.That said, it’s hard to convince people to do something different. Even publishers will say to me: â€Å"this book has sold quite a bit and it looks like this, can you do something similar?†. But the problem is that the public is smarter than that and after a while it is going to get bored.I think there’s only a small window of time in which you can emulate an idea and still be successful. The rest of the time you’ve got to try something different. It is a risk, and although people have to take risks, they usually don’t want to be the firs t one.

Mergers & Acquisitions. Sprint-T-Mobile Term Paper

Mergers & Acquisitions. Sprint-T-Mobile - Term Paper Example The prospective merger between T-Mobile and Sprint has evoked mixed opinions among the shareholders of both the companies. T-Mobile USA is a subsidiary of German based Deutsche Telekom AG (DTE). The intention of DTE is to sell off the entity to Sprint and own a major stake in the combined entity. (Saitto et.al., 2011) The merger will be positive for both the companies in terms of the market presence. As of now both the companies are the third and the fourth largest operators. This deal would be beneficial for the shareholders of T-Mobile. The shareholders of T-Mobile are already worried with the recent drop in its share price due to drop in quarter-on-quarter profits. Therefore, any possible merger is an opportunity for the shareholders to sell the shares on a price better that a market price. Moreover, for those shareholders who are not selling off the shares, it is an opportunity for them to get more shares allotted in the new entity. The situation is slightly different in terms of the shareholders of Sprint. Sprint has a strong technology back up to compete with all the competitors in the market. â€Å"Sprint Nextel has partnered with Clearwire to build a 4G wireless network using a technology called WiMax, which is now available in 43 markets.† (ABMN, 2010) Sprint is already committed to pay Clearwire Corporation for building 4G wireless technology. Sprint is bound to pay Clearwire a minimum amount of $850 million in two years. This can even go up based on the growth in data usage. This deal though was spread over for 2 to 3 years will raise the debt level of the company. A potential merger with T-Mobile will further raise the debt level of Sprint. This will be threatening for the financial position of the company. Eventually this can lead to loss for the shareholders. At this point, it is important to look at the financial position of both the companies. T-Mobile has been facing serious decline in its cu stomer base and profitability for some quarters now. All other players in the market are well equipped with sufficient technologies to capitalize the future market. It is difficult for T-Mobile to capture additional customers as they lack the technology strength to do so. Therefore, the customer and profit erosion for T-Mobile will be much faster in the coming years. â€Å"During the first quarter of 2011, T-Mobile saw its revenue hit $4.63 billion, putting it in line with the first quarter of 2010. However, the company’s profit fell over $200 million year over year from $362 million last year to $135 million in the first quarter of 2011.† (Reisinger, 2011) The total customer loss in 2010 alone was 56,000. The second quarter results of the company have shown a decrease in the total assets to $46,291 million from that of $46,299 million. Cash and equivalents have decreased to $109 million from that of $344 million. There is an increase in the total liabilities of the co mpany. Sprint Nextel is better positioned than T-mobile in terms of the financial position. Unlike T-Mobile, Sprint reported first quarterly revenue after 3 years. Sprint was also undergoing a loss of revenue since 2007. (Bloomberg, 2011) The net incomes were on the negative side year on year. The first quarterly revenue was in fact a positive sign that the financial position of the company will pick up. But then the second quarter results were again on the negative side for the company. (Sprint, 2011) These negative revenues have taken a tall on the cash flow of the company. Especially at this stage when the Sprint is

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY - Research Paper Example Borugian et al. (2005) did not directly really address equity issues in Canada’s rural health care. However, one way of interpreting the Borugian et al. (2005) article is that when we are able to correlate select socioeconomic variables with the rural sector of Canada, cases of childhood leukemia may negatively correlate with Canada’s rural socioeconomic characteristics. One key result that Borugian et al. (2005) supposedly found is that a slightly lower relative risk of childhood leukemia was observed in the poorest quintile compared with the richest quintile. Thus, when we succeed in showing that Canada’s rural population is associated with the poorest quintile, it may be possible to show that Canada’s rural population is also associated with lower childhood leukemia. Borugian et al. (2005) recognize that other studies have results that are inconsistent with their own findings but Borugian et al. (2005) interpreted the inconsistent findings to be due to case ascertainment or study participation. It is worth noting that Borugian et al. (2005) also revealed that the provincial registries cover at least 95% of all Canadian cancer cases. Thus, the Borugian et al. (2005) finding appears inconsistent with the data on cancer prevalence. Nevertheless, following the Borugian et al. ... James, P., Wilkins, R., Detsky, A., Tugwell, P., and Manuel, D. (2007). Avoidable mortality by neighbourhood income in Canada: 25 years after the establishment of universal health insurance. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 287-296. Employing quantitative techniques, the James et al. (2007) study highlights the role of universal insurance for doctors and hospital services in Canada. According to James et al. (2007), the results after 25 years of universal health insurance indicate that health differences between the riches and poorest quintiles based on age-standardized expected years of life lost decreased by 60% in men and by 78% in women. The James et al. (2007) study has a list of illnesses or conditions in which deaths may be avoidable. One set of illnesses or conditions are those in which deaths can be avoided through medical care and another set consist of illnesses and conditions in which deaths can be avoided through public health programs. It follows from t he James et al. (2007) that mortality from illnesses and conditions are functions of public policy. Public policy can institute reforms in health insurance access and in improving medical care and public health. Thus, one extension of the study results of James et al. (2007) is that health inequities produced by the urban-rural divide can also be moderated by public policy. Meanwhile, among the illnesses or conditions in which there has been only marginal decreases in mortality disparities across incomes include lung cancer, HIV, and cerebro-vascular diseases. James et al. (2007) noted that another important contributory factor to the reduction of health disparities is the increase in government funding for public

Overview of Different Wireless Networking Technologies

Overview of Different Wireless Networking Technologies Overview of different NMS WIRELESS NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES Various wireless technologies are under evaluation or are already in use by operational forces. Among these technologies are: WLAN, WiMAX, cellular-based, satellite-based, and MANET. Previous research provided an analysis of the qualities of many of these various technologies based on their ability to support ECO (McHuen and Price, 2009). Each of these technologies has unique features that allow it to fill a particular niche and each has shortcomings that require the incorporation of other technologies into the network. Because this differentiation is likely to continue, the network management system design must include the basic elements incorporated into any tactical wireless technology. 1. WiMAX The Institute of Electric and Electrical Engineers (IEEE) 802.16 standard defines the standards for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) (IEEE, 2004). WiMAX provides point to multipoint, broadband communications to areas not connected by fiber optic or copper cabling. WiMAX is capable of providing throughputs of up to 70 megabits per second and has a range of approximately 50 kilometers. WiMAX uses a multicarrier modulation scheme known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). A limitation of WiMAX is that OFDM is sensitive to multipath and Doppler effects that occur in rapidly changing RF environments such as with mobile users (Fuller, 2008). 2. WLAN The IEEE 802.11 series defines the wireless local area network (WLAN) standards (IEEE, 2007). The most common of these standards in use today will include 802.11g and 802.11n. A WLAN can typically provide throughputs of 54 megabits per second and a range of 100 meters without the need for copper cabling. Most WLAN 31 implementations have the advantage of a fixed access point in order compensate for some of the effects of changing RF conditions; however, a truly mobile ad hoc network must support mobility without being tethered to a fixed infrastructure. 3. Satellite-Based Systems Satellite-based solutions provide beyond line of sight connectivity, but the availability of satellite channels is limited for tactical users. The existing military satellite system known as the UHF Follow-on system (UFO) only provides capacity for 600 concurrent users. DoD users also have commercial services such as Iridium to fill this access gap. That is no panacea, however, since commercial satellite services may not be available when DoD needs them most (Rosenberg, 2010), and it is cost prohibitive to use satellite connectivity exclusively (U.S. Navy To Rely on Netted Iridium Service as Gap-Filler, 2010). The long-term solution in lieu of commercial satellites systems is the Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) that provides cutting edge technology based on commercial 3G cellular phone services. MUOS offers both voice and data in a converged, handheld device. However, the MUOS program has experienced several technical problems that delayed the launch of its first satellite, and t here are other issues with the development of the MUOS handsets (Iannotta, 2009). It is likely to be several years before the capabilities offered by MUOS are available to the majority of DoD’s tactical forces. 4. Commercial Cellular The use of commercial cellular technologies on the battlefield has gained significant attention because senior military leaders recognize the potential benefits of putting these devices in the hands of a generation of soldiers and marines that have grown up using this technology. The basic requirements of any cellular network are the handsets and the cellular base stations that are typically associated with towers to increase network coverage. Current capabilities of the tactical cellular network provide throughputs of 1.8 megabits per second while ranges are dependent on the height of the mobile cellular tower placed on a tactical vehicle such as Mine Resistant Ambush 32 Protected (MRAP) vehicle (Lowler, 2009). The current tactical cellular solution is best suited for special operations soldiers who operate in small groups. This network requires a tethered aerostat or a circling aircraft equipped with a cellular base station in order to relay the communications. Other architectural designs have focused on integrating the cellular handsets with tactical radios filling the role of the base station (Tuttle, 2010). That used the cellular handset essentially as an external computer in order to host command and control (C2) and situational awareness (SA) applications in this case. A more efficient architectural design entails developing the tactical radios to host the C2 and SA applications internally, thus eliminating the need for an external computer worn or carried by soldiers (â€Å"New Military Radio Unveiled,† 2011). C. MANET SYSTEMS MANET technologies are highly desirable in tactical environments because each node in the network is able to communicate with all other neighboring devices over one or more hops in order to extend connectivity to areas where a fixed infrastructure is not available. There are many factors that influence the performance and reliability of a MANET. Communications links within the MANET are continuously fluctuating due to the location of devices, power, or environmental factors. MANET technologies are valuable for enhancing command and control because they provide network connectivity beyond line of sight and in harsh environments where this previously was not possible. A tactical MANET provides considerable flexibility through its rapid deploy-ability to provide a wireless voice and data network without any fixed infrastructure. The general characteristics for a tactical MANET include attributes such as rapid deploy-ability, ease of use, mobility, and flexibility. These features make it very suitable for military applications in environments where setting up fixed infrastructure may not be feasible or practical. The MANET nodes also allow transmission of position location information (PLI) in real-time to increase situational awareness at the company level. History of Wireless Networks A wireless network consists of many types (GSM, Wi-Fi, UMTS, and WiMAX)11]. Wi-Fi technology is used in indoor environment because as for considering its accessibility and cost which is very low. Wi-Fi has its specific range in which its calculation can be made. The main goal of the project is indoor positioning system with accuracy to locate an object or target in a room and the identifying rate must be fast that can be deployed considering real time constraints [ HYPERLINK l FLa06 12 ]. More accurate location can be achieved for mobile clients or users which are based on GSM network13]. GSM gives birth to three methods that are positioning by a cell, calculating the distance accordingly to signal strengths SS and based on time difference distance computation [ HYPERLINK l Eve07 14 ]. Positioning by a cell is located simply by using a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) it has a specific area in omnidirectional. A mobile connected to a BTS can be easily located as a BTS has its specific range (from100m to several Km) depending upon the size of the cell in which a target is located. The direction of the target is or mobile user is achieved by sect oral antenna. Positioning can also be measured by the signal strength SS, the distance between the Transmitter and Receiver is calculated through BTS. The method adopted for it is trilateration which identifies the position of a mobile phone. The accuracy obtained between the range of 50 o 500 m having great amount of errors due to structure of buildings and obstacles present there. Enhanced Observed Time Difference (EOTD) is the estimation method in which the time is noticed as it reaches from the mobile station towards the BTS. This is called timing in advance and requires the synchronization between the mobile phone and BTS. Distance is calculated by the time difference on EOTD. After that by trilateration which identifies the position of mobile phone. These methods are not used in Wi-Fi indoor environment because of Wi-Fi limitation and short range and inside the building the signal strength SS, is weak as compared to outdoor environment15]. Accuracy and Precision are the required main factors in indoor localization, weak signals degrade the accuracy of positioning [Ing06 16 ]17]. Indoor positioning detection is achieved by using Wi-Fi signal strength (SS), and formulae to locate user’s position. Wi-Fi signals are of radio waves where movements of signals are dependent upon frequency [Mah12 18 ]. Signals are transmitted by Access Point’s (APs) in all directions regarding their signal strengths. Wireless router can cover an area of about 100 feet i.e. (30.5 m).Recent research work shows that received signal strength indicator (RSSI) localization of an object or target is achieved quite accurately. RSSI is measured in dBm. From different APs the RSSI values are observed on the basis of these values of RSSI the location can be observed between the Transmitting AP and the Receiving node. Mathematically RSSI is ten times logarithmic ratio of received power signal and reference power (i.e. 1mW)19] which has an equation of RSSI ÃŽ ± 10 log P / Pref (2.1) Power is dissipated from a source point by moving further, the relation between distance and power (P) is inversely proportional to square of distance (S) travelled. Mathematically RSSI ÃŽ ± log (1/ S2) (2.2) The attraction of RSSI is that calculation and measurements are almost very simple and less time consuming rather than using other methods. Problems and Degradation of Signal Strength Indoor environment faces a lot of problems due to which weakness in the strength of the signal occurs due to path loss as it becomes weaker as the distance increases from the origin. Different barriers occur in the direction of signals such as sun or rain drops also effect the strength of the signal, even it occurs very rarely but it has its influence with signals, the structure of the building which have many walls, doors, windows, glass, concrete, shelf’s and penetration from the floors, the result is in the form of attenuation. Interference is another problem with other wireless station with in an office or a building. Signal Attenuation in Static Environment When Electromagnetic waves strike with a wall or any other barrier as it passes through, Thus the wave becomes further weaker because of reflection that starts when it strikes the barrier. Another main factor is absorption which is converted in the form of heat and its impact is very small that it cannot be noticed by human. Loss is related to the size of material, focusing on its thickness, attenuation effect of glass is higher than brick walls. These factors have a critical impact especially by using the methods to measure distances by measuring the signal strengths. Attenuation in Signals By User’s By experiments it is concluded that with the presence of users the signal strength is changed. The signal strength is thus weakening due to the human’s in an environment. The radiations are partially absorbed as human body contains water in their bodies and this attenuation occurs in the signal strengths. Location of a mobile device with signal strength map relates measurements with a SS map. Two approaches are for measurement matching either Deterministic or by Probabilistic. Map-based systems are identified by signal strengths SS, in two steps i.e. (Offline step and Online step). The Offline step creates a map of signal strength. The Online step relates with the signal strength maps previously built. For both of steps, two approaches exists Offline step is achieved through measurements or with simulation. The Online approach consists of matching measurements of the signal strength SS, with the map content which was as above said that matching can be achieved either by Deterministic or probabilistic. But creating the signal strength map with simulation requires a great work for building a propagation model that computes signal strength map. Focusing on study that is simulating the signal propagation for creating signal strength map that relies on propagating based positioning techniques, but there is a difference among both systems. Positioning system using propagation based technique does not know mobile’s location; therefore it does not look into having obstacles between mobile and transmitters. On the other hand signal strength mapping are associated with SS values for knowing its geographical coordinates. It has the ability for looking in the obstacles in models such as Motley-Kennan. With the availability of SS map, positioning mobile is built by the content of the map with signal measurements which are provided by mobile or architecture of wireless network that matching may be Deterministic or by Probabilistic approach. Deterministic matching is a simple method for mapping SS, which has a database of all access points within its coverage area and having an average value for signal strength for every Access Point (AP). The matching may be at single point or at several points, where the average value of its coordinates are taken. Probabilistic matching is not a simple method as it required greater data for mapping the signal strength. Probability distribution is used to provide signal strength values. Matching is done by probabilistic methods which are based at Gaussian’s model i.e. CMTA. Other models include Histogram which is done for signal strength distribution. Inconsistency is one of the properties for indoor radio wave propagation. It implies very close values of signal strength for two models in space; description is in two geographical points are opposite and very far from each other. Paramvir Bahl proposed an idea for enhancing positioning estimation considering the previous locations for eliminating the ambiguities in location which relies on Viterbi-like algorithm. Positioning is a main factor in deploying a Wireless Local Area Network. The other hardware or technologies which are used for localization are Active Badge System which works on Infrared sensors detectors that are used to detect the signal’s from Mobile Stations (MS) Active Badge; the central unit processes the data and determine location of mobile stations. But the main drawback of infrared signals is due to its short range and interference from fluorescent light in indoor environment and from sunlight. Cricket system uses RF receivers and ultrasound to get information about time of flight and works on Multilateration for estimating location. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) based technologies systems (i.e. SPOTON) and LANDMARC systems are also studied. Other hybrid systems like Zigbee radios are proximity sensors, which improves accuracy in positioning system that are WLAN-based.

Dualism: Mind, Body, and Cognitive Science Essay

This essay examines the interaction between dualism and modern cognitive sciences. Additionally, it examines a modern defendant of dualism, and extrapolates his reasoning further into the 21st-century in interacting with cognitive science developments in the future. Finally, it examines how dualism is already a problem in modern factors such as healthcare, and how it will need to further adapt for the betterment of society. Dualism: Mind, Body, and Cognitive Science Dualism has been a powerful cornerstone in both Western and Eastern cultures for many years, chiefly because it is so centrally located within spiritual texts. The New Testament, for instance, makes a clear division between the soul of Jesus and his body, and how those separated entities were reunited for the resurrection of Jesus. Perhaps more practically, the Bhagavad-Gita emphasizes the separation of mind and body as a tool with which one can combat everything from doubt to boredom: one’s body may be doing troubling tasks (such as killing family members, as Krishna asks Arjuna to do) or simply menial tasks, but one’s mind—a separate entity—is encouraged to stay focused on Krishna, regardless of the body’s actions. With these spiritual texts playing such a central part in Western and Eastern cultures, it is no surprise to discover that dualism has endured with such strength over the years. However, dualism (as with many aspects of the religious texts that help promote it) becomes more problematic when modern science and medicine are applied to it. The most humble behaviorist models of psychology pose their own problems, as the study of correlations between external environmental experiences and the mind’s reaction work to close the gap between mind and body, as opposed to expanding it. The flawed practice of logical behaviorism does the same thing: reducing human interactions to a predictable math equation that does not account for the inherent illogic of the separation of mind and body. Reductive materialism attempts to reconcile so-called â€Å"folk psychology† with neuroscience, claiming that mental states and brain states are one and the same, eliminating the need for dualism. Failures of reductive materialism led to the theory of functionalism, which considers minds to be equal (as in, similar mental states) that simply react to outward stimuli. This â€Å"cause and effect† belief seemingly eliminates the freedom of thought necessary to dualism, as the mind’s actions simply become reactions to the body’s experiences and needs. However, modern dualism is not without its arguments, nor its defenders. According to Dr. Embree, there are three primary arguments for the existence and necessity of dualism: the first, as alluded to above, is that â€Å"epiphenomenalism inherently undermines the validity of thought† (2009). What this means is that any scientific explanation that attempts to debunk dualism (or does so as a byproduct) must bring with it the sobering effect of making free will a simple illusion that individuals believe as a kind of personal myth. This works on the level of national myths as well: according to functionalist theory, the Founding Fathers of America were not free thinkers (a thought that would have troubled Thomas Paine, to say the least), but were simply reacting to the external stimuli they experienced. Perhaps more troubling to this national myth is the â€Å"equalizing† effect of functionalism: not only did George Washington do what he did in accordance with external stimuli, he did what anyone in his place, with his means, would have done. Instead of being an agent of his destiny and of America’s, he was simply one vessel (of potentially many) for the predictable course of destiny. The second argument Dr. Embree puts forth for dualism is that â€Å"epiphenomenalism provides no explanation for the subjective elements†¦of conscious experience† (2009). According to this, attempts to explain the universe in terms of cause and effect creates one large problem: â€Å"that consciousness can be explained mechanistically† (2009). Embree concedes that one might believe no such mechanism has been discovered yet, and one may simply be waiting for the day that such a thing is discovered†¦however, that pushes what is supposed to be a scientific, rational inquiry perilously close to something more akin to religious faith, in two ways: one is the contentment to wait for the arrival of something which will validate one’s world view, and two (much more troubling) is establishing so many other things on the shaky ground that is this faith. For a religion, this is understandable. As a scientific inquiry into the workings of the human mind, it is quite disconcerting. Embree’s final argument for dualism is that â€Å"epiphenomenalism requires acceptance of deterministic assumptions about human nature and behavior† (2009). Embree himself admits that this is the weakest of his three arguments, because it does not deal with â€Å"logical† or â€Å"evidentiary† flaws in epiphenomenalism, but rather with the troubling aftermath. According to him, accepting that â€Å"our behaviors are strictly and solely determined by forces outside our control† renders us â€Å"puppets (2009)† who are unable to ethically try and imprison fellow citizens, simply because the rejection of dualism leads to an inevitable triumph of nature over nurture: just as George Washington did the only thing he could in reaction to his environment, so too did this murderer, or that rapist. If their thoughts truly aren’t free, their thoughts are not their own, and punishing them no longer has any hope of them turning over a new leaf, but instead becomes an arbitrary exercise in authority. On an emotional level, Embree’s arguments are very persuasive. On a philosophical level, very few individuals would be pleased to think of themselves as lacking free will. And, as he points out, even fewer individuals would be willing to overturn the entirety of how modern society is constructed simply to make it more philosophically consistent. However, by Embree’s own admission, the belief in dualism essentially gives itself a â€Å"get out of jail free card. † When it comes to hard questions, such as whether consciousness can be determined mechanistically or not, a dualist is free to take or leave explanations as they see fit. This is precisely because dualism, brought back to its Cartesian foundations, is founded on observation and assumption. Even as Descartes acknowledges the limits of observation (the hand in front of him could always be a dream image), his famous conclusion—â€Å"I think, therefore I am†Ã¢â‚¬â€is, itself, an assumption. Any attempts at rationally explaining why the brain acts or reacts in specific ways to specific stimuli represents a threat to this simple principle, and dualists protest against the futility of it. Ironically, perhaps, for a philosophy that self-associates so vividly with free thinking, that attempts to curtail discussion into the mind/body problem are the philosophic equivalent of the dualists locking the behaviorists away, a la Galileo. The freedom to think seems incompatible with the freedom to explore why we think. The final assertion of Embree’s is persuasive as well, though not necessarily in the way that he’s intended. He is correct that society is effectively set in its ways, so any major advancements or discoveries regarding the way that individuals think is not likely to turn society on its ear. However, such a view that this process is â€Å"all or nothing†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is to say that all of society changes, right down to our notions of justice, or nothing changes—is oversimplifying the matter to an obscene degree, To use an analogy, Darwin’s discoveries did not mean that society had an obligation, more or otherwise, to burn down every church they saw. However, it amounted to an incremental change in the way the world works on the part of everyone who believed in the scientific findings—a series of micro changes that eventually worked on a macro level. This is particularly true of discoveries related to how the mind works—the entire justice system was not turned inside out in response to the discoveries of Freud, but the incremental changes his psychological revelations brought about in individuals did eventually affect the justice system in terms of sentencing prisoners, organizing prisons, and simply understanding criminal behavior. What rings most true about Embree’s work, perhaps, is his correct assertion that on some level, people need to believe in dualism, if only to preserve the freedom of thought. Individuals being told that they are only doing or saying something because of the environment around them will feel no more illuminated than someone told they are doing or saying something because God or the Devil are making them do it. It risks robbing life of its spark, or zest. However, what Embree seems to overlook are the astounding advancements in sheer human empathy that are offered by discovering how the mind works. â€Å"Freedom of thought† certainly sounds attractive, like a bumper sticker one might wear in Orwell’s 1984 (shortly before Big Brother had this person taken away, of course). However, to continue the Orewellian strand, freedom of thought does not prevent â€Å"group think† simply because societies attempt to organize around their cultural similarities and when that proves insufficient, they rally around their dissimilarity to other groups. White, rural communities continue subtle (and some not so subtle) forms of segregation against black and Hispanic individuals. On a national level, in the so-called â€Å"Post 9/11 world,† citizens are measured by just how American they are, and extra scrutiny is given to those from another country. This is, of course, the double-sided coin of dualism; as Stefan Eck points out, â€Å"Descartes did not only help establish the natural sciences, but also the freedom of thought in philosophy, the humanities†¦his philosophical ideas were important for the emergence of modern politics of freedom and equality† (2009, p. 158). Doing anything to dismantle this may be seen by opponents as political maneuvering—quelling their ability to express personal philosophy in the name of an ambiguous future unity. Right now, this tendency to fear and rally against the unknown is a major form of societal unity—uniting in solidarity against the perceived threat of an unknown and unknowable Other. Discoveries in the way the mind works can continue down the road towards true equality because individuals will be able to empathize better with, for instance, an illegal immigrant, because they will no longer see them as outsider threats to the external notion of America, but simply one of their own possible fates had they not been born in a time and place of great privilege and prosperity. Despite this, there are many exciting possibilities for dualism in the 21st century. As mentioned above, the basic tenets of dualism remain necessary to focus most individuals on achievement. If they are made to feel like their special achievements are effectively a lottery that someone else could have one, it would threaten to derail the entire notion of human achievement. In this sense, dualism remains necessary for the realm of politics, as well. For obvious reasons, a system of representative democracy would fall apart if individuals thought that the person they were voting for would do no worse or no better than another individual from the same circumstances and location. As Dr. Embree so eloquently describes, a belief in dualism remains necessary for a belief in justice to seem well-founded. The justice system is already under severe scrutiny for possible flaws—best not to give critics more philosophical ammunition by implying that guilt is a subjective force that no human can logically dispense to another human. Stefan Eck describes this quite well: †¦Cartesian dualism is precisely one of the foundations of the politics of freedom and equality that Lock and Farquhar propose. Descartes says that the mind is independent of the physical body that contains it. Modern politics hold that people’s opinions are to be kept separate from bodily attributes such as gender, skin color, or beauty, that the minds of those who take part in the political sphere have to be split from their bodies to ensure that bodily difference is not turned into political difference. (2009, p. 156-157) Ideally, though, modern dualism and modern dualists will not be against inquiries into the way the mind works. Modern medicine, as a whole, will continue its struggle with how far down the dualism rabbit hole it is prepared to go. Grant Duncan points out that Western medicine often regards pain as â€Å"a simply bodily sensation,† and that modern medicine â€Å"often [neglects] psychological factors in health and illness† (2000, p. 493). The reason for this is simple: the extreme end of believing that pain is often entirely in the mind is the end that is sharing shelf space with books on healing crystals and other holistic claptrap. Grant goes on to point out that in the overmedicated modern world, those who experience chronic pain do their best â€Å"to justify the pain and to avoid the label of ‘psychogenic’†¦ if the pain does not fall into that ‘physical’ category, then it is likely to be treated with skepticism and moral disapproval† (2000, p. 507-508). This is the brutal bottom line: those whose pain is â€Å"only† in their mind will often be regarded as someone trying to scam the doctor for unnecessary medication. Meanwhile, psychologists—in a field that, theoretically, is most threatened by inquiries that would eliminate dualism once and for all—continue to experience unfavorable representations in modern media as â€Å"head shrinkers† who are content to blame all modern problems on the patient’s mother and then bill them an exorbitant amount. Where, then, does this leave modern psychology and its inevitable ties to dualism? Ideally, psychologists will realize that fields such as neuroscience are approaching the same problems as psychology approaches, merely from a different angle. Reductive materialism is another great example of this, as it takes the things that psychology focuses on (beliefs and desires) and claims that these can be restated and explained through neuroscience—that neuroscience is not attempting to invalidate a person’s beliefs and desires as necessary aspects of their psychological make-up, but to explain why they experience those desires. As Scott Arnold puts it, â€Å"[reductive materialism] allows that behavior has mental causes and that the causal processes may be complex, involving a series of mental causes and effects ultimately resulting in behavior† (2010). In the future, psychology and neuroscience may very well work as one entity that may come to be preventative, as opposed to simply reactive. What does this mean? Instead of saying â€Å"patient X has unhealthy desire Y, we are prescribing medicine Z,† the combined future of psychology and neuroscience may be more like â€Å"patient X is predisposed towards behaviors Y, we are prescribing Z course of treatment to avoid these behaviors. † This is what Arnold means when he says that â€Å" we have a kind of Double Language Theory, in which there are two languages (the language of folk psychology and the language of the neurosciences) to talk about one and the same phenomenon, the neurosciences† (2010). Ultimately, reductive materialism is more inclusive than exclusive, allowing a mixture of the two worlds. The result will be a future that is likely a shared dream between doctor and patient: a world that minimizes medication, circumvents and prevents negative behavior, and ultimately allows for the patient to spend less time on the therapeutic couch, and more time in the world itself, enjoying life. In all likelihood, the cognitive sciences and the proponents of dualism will have a long, rocky road to travel together. Dualism is necessary for individuals to believe in abstracts (freedom, desire), whereas the cognitive sciences are necessary for individuals to understand, in concrete terms, what is happening with their brains. In the future, it is likely the dualism will be taught (even more than it is now) in philosophy and ethics classes as just one possible branch of human thought, as opposed to the sole branch which must bear the weight of the entire human experience without ever snapping. Reductive materialism points out the irony of the likeliest fate of the cognitive sciences and dualism: just as reductive materialism is necessary to transform the language of the people—â€Å"folk psychology†Ã¢â‚¬â€into neuroscience terms, it will be necessary for someone to â€Å"re-translate† any new breakthroughs back into the language of common people. Perhaps this is the function that dualism will always serve, even among its proponents: that cognitive science research actually works within the boundaries of dualism in the sense that it focuses on the body, while dualists are free to concentrate on their mental sphere however they wish. Perception, after all, does determine reality, and no amount of cognitive science research can undermine a dualist’s own reality unless they will it to be so. At the end of the day, dualism is actually much closer at home to the spiritual writings that have helped carry its torch than it ever will be to the sciences. Dualism is the language of hope and faith—a belief in the perfectibility of the soul when the perfectibility of the body seems impossible. Cognitive science, however, remains what it always has: not the language of what may be, but the language of what is. References Arnold, Scott (2010). The mind body problem. University of Alabama, Birmingham. Retrieved May 15th, 2010, from http://www. uab. edu/ philosophy/faculty/arnold/4-Mind- body. htm Duncan, G. (2000) Mind-Body Dualism and the Biopsychosocial Model of Pain: What did Descartes Really Say? , Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 25:4, 485-513 Ecks, Stefan (2009). Welcome home, Descartes! Rethinking the anthropology of the body. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 52 (1), 153-158. Embree, Marlowe (2009). Why I am a dualist. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved May 15th, 2010, from http://www. marathon. uwc. edu/psychology/dualist. htm